Friday, March 14, 2014

Homer, Virgil, Ovid: used the same characters in their tales, wrote down originally oral tales, or wrote the same poetic verse form?

Interesting question -- I believe that the answer is that
Homer, Ovid and Virgil all wrote in (essentially) the same meter (hexameter, mostly
dactylic).  They did use some of the same characters (namely the Olympian gods, and, in
the case of Virgil and Homer, some shared human characters from the story of the Trojan
War).  Ovid and Homer certainly wrote down mostly oral tales (Ovid, in the
Metamorphoses, compiled many of the Greek and Roman myths, many of
which were oral tales of many hundreds of years standing), but Virgil only took a part
of his story from oral tradition -- a large portion of it he invented (the particulars
of much of the Aeneas story).  So you could say that all three authors did all three
things, but the one clear unifying characteristic that all three authors use is the
characters of the Olympian gods.


Homer, of course, wrote in
an early form of Classical Greek.  By Ovid's and Virgil's day people certainly could
still read this text (in fact, educated Romans of that time, such as Ovid and Virgil,
all were well trained in reading Greek), but it was a literary language that was
significantly different from the Greek spoken at that time.  Ovid and Virgil, of course
wrote (and spoke) in Late Classical Latin.  Nevertheless, all three poets wrote in
hexameter (the six-foot line), even though there are signficant differences between the
languages, and certain poetic conventions must be changed to accomodate them.  Homer had
established the hexameter as the epic poetic form, so both Ovid and Virgil (and other
poets of the time) were, in essence, imitating
Homer. 


Homer's story, of course, is the oldest of the
three, and, possibly, the least adulterated.  This is difficult to prove, however, since
there is very little literature in Greek before Homer (mostly fragments or accounting
records).  The religious system of Ovid and Virgil's Rome was inherited, at least
partially, from the original Greek pantheon of gods.  Many of the tales of Roman
mythology are re-tellings or re-workings of earlier Greek tales, changed to fit local
Roman lore.  So while Ovid, Virgil, and Homer all drew from the same well of shared
pagan mythology, Homer predated Ovid and Virgil by (at the very least) six hundred
years, and therefore had a different perspective and (possibly) access to older tales
than Ovid and Virgil.  It is without a doubt that Ovid's, especially, tales are, in some
cases, of very great antiquity.  But Ovid's tales are a collection; Homer's work is more
of a "snapshot" view of a Mycenaen tale of his time, while Virgil's is another
compilation injected with a large dose of poetic invention (and imperial flattery!) 
These three works of literature are each very different from each other, so it is
difficult to say that they each "came from oral tradition".  Probably the purest example
of that came from Homer, followed by Ovid (some of his tales had, of course, been
written down long before he collected them), and lastly Virgil's
Aeneid.

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