In To Kill a Mockingbird, how does Jem break what Scout calls "the remaining code of our childhood?"

There is definitely the indication here that Jem, being
older, is progressing into adulthood. Just before they discover Dill, he and Scout get
into a fight. Then, moments later, he does the responsible thing by telling Atticus that
Dill has run away. All three children mature throughout the novel, but Scout and Dill
still have an innocent and naïve curiosity about the world. “Breaking the code,” in this
instance marks a separation. Jem enters the adult world by telling Atticus. Scout and
Dill would have preferred to stay in their own world and kept it secret. This
separation, Jem/Scout and Dill, marks the moment the break of that remaining
code.

What is hyperpluralism?

I generally agree with the first answer, but I would take
issue with a couple of the ideas in that answer.

First of
all, pluralism does not argue that you need groups working with goals that are common to
all of them.  Pluralism envisions many different groups
with different goals, all
competing to influence
policy.

Second, hyperpluralism (which I connect in my mind
with Theodore Lowi's idea of interest group liberalism) does not argue that too many
groups suppress the power of government.  Instead, they expand the scope of government
because government is trying to do more things so as to please more people.  It is very
much like the system we have now where the government has become huge and tends to work
for the interest groups and not the common good.

So
hyperpluralism says that too many interest groups mean that government is doing too much
for too many groups and so we have an excessively large
government.

What are the four factors that divide the oceans in different zones of life?

This looks like a specific textbook answer, so your
teacher is probably looking for those specific four factors.  Since I don't have your
textbook, here are the four variables I would use to classify the different
oceans:

1) Latitude - it's location from North to South on
the globe determines much about the ocean, including temperature, the location of
currents, and the type of species that can live in it.

2) 
Depth - Take a relatively shallow ocean like the Gulf of Mexico, and a deep ocean like
parts of the Atlantic and Pacific (with depths up to 30,000 feet) and they are vastly
different oceans in terms of the kinds of life they can
support

3)  Salinity - the salt content of that ocean, or
lack of it, is a prime determinant of the kinds of life that is sustainable
there

4) Temperature - closely related to depth and
latitude, but the shallow warmer seas, tropical ones, that is, support a different kind
of life than the colder deeper oceans.

Hope that
helps!

In A Modest Proposal, what is Swift's main point? What is the speaker's main point? How the speaker uses persuasion? How does Swift use irony?

A Modest Proposal is one of the
wittiest and well-written satirical texts ever. In this text, the speaker is arguing
that Ireland's impoverished citizens can better themselves financially by selling their
young children to the rich for food. The speaker persuades the reader by concretely
organizing his argument (ie: firstly, secondly....sixthly), stressing the benefits to
all involved (tavern industry, the poor, the rich, the government), and using favorable
statistics to back his argument (cost of raising a child vs. selling one as food for
profit. For example:

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Thirdly, Whereas the maintainance of an hundred
thousand children, from two years old, and upwards, cannot be computed at less than ten
shillings a piece per annum, the nation's stock will be thereby encreased fifty thousand
pounds per annum, besides the profit of a new dish, introduced to the tables of all
gentlemen of fortune in the kingdom, who have any refinement in taste. And the money
will circulate among our selves, the goods being entirely of our own growth and
manufacture.
Fourthly, The constant breeders, besides the gain of eight
shillings sterling per annum by the sale of their children, will be rid of the charge of
maintaining them after the first
year.

Swift's aims are
two-fold. First, he wants to mock government officials' and politicians' rhetorical
discourse. Swift is suggesting that politicians often lose sight of the actual people
involved in the issues they are discussing, so the solutions they put forward are widely
impractical (such as his proposal is). Secondly, Swift is able to put forward his own
actual argument, but having his speaker seemingly refute
it:

Therefore
let no man talk to me of other expedients: Of taxing our absentees at five shillings a
pound: Of using neither cloaths, nor houshold furniture, except what is of our own
growth and manufacture: Of utterly rejecting the materials and instruments that promote
foreign luxury: Of curing the expensiveness of pride, vanity, idleness, and gaming in
our women: Of introducing a vein of parsimony, prudence and temperance: Of learning to
love our country, wherein we differ even from Laplanders, and the inhabitants of
Topinamboo: Of quitting our animosities and factions, nor acting any longer like the
Jews, who were murdering one another at the very moment their city was taken: Of being a
little cautious not to sell our country and consciences for nothing: Of teaching
landlords to have at least one degree of mercy towards their tenants. Lastly, of putting
a spirit of honesty, industry, and skill into our shop-keepers, who, if a resolution
could now be taken to buy only our native goods, would immediately unite to cheat and
exact upon us in the price, the measure, and the goodness, nor could ever yet be brought
to make one fair proposal of just dealing, though often and earnestly invited to
it.

What solution does Atticus offer to the problem of Dill's presence in To Kill a Mockingbird?(Chapter 14)

It is understandably with some surprise that Scout and Jem
discover Dill hidden underneath the bed in Chapter 14 of this great novel. Given the way
that he had left without his mother's knowledge, taking money from her purse and
travelling by himself all the way from Meridian to Maycomb Junction then walking the
remaining distance to Maycomb itself, catching a ride on the back of the truck for the
last section, Jem and Scout feel they have to tell Atticus about his presence. Although
Dill is afraid of what Atticus will say, his response reflects his customary calmness
and humour:

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Nobody's going to make you go anywhere but to
bed pretty soon. I'm just going over to tell Miss Rachel you're here and ask her if you
could spend the night with us--you'd like that, wouldn't you? And for goodness' sake put
some of the county back where it belongs, the soil erosion's bad enough as it
is.

Scout is forced to
translate for Dill. Atticus is asking him to take a bath. Thus Atticus responds without
getting angry or annoyed, and is merely amused by the presence of Dill and the fact that
he has ran away.

Why are longitudinal studies used in realtion to language development and intelligence?

A longitudinal study collects data from the same subjects
over time.  If one is studying language development and intelligence, observation of the
same subjects, usually very young children, affords a researcher a way of seeing how
language develops and a way of gathering information about intelligence, which may or
may not develop over time,  something we would all like very much to know.  If we want
to know how language develops, we need to see it developing.  If we want to know if
intelligence develops or is static, we must observe it over
time. 

Non-longitudinal studies are certainly done in these
areas, though.  For example, one might look at a "snapshot" of children from different
environments to see if those environments affect language development.  Similarly, this
approach is used to study intelligence. 

In these areas, as
in any other area, the kind of study chosen is a function of one's inquiry.  What do you
want to know?  What is your hypothesis?  Longitudinal studies are time-consuming and
costly, and when they involve children, they are even more time-consuming because
special precautions must be observed.  Nevertheless, sometimes the nature of the inquiry
necessitates a longitudinal study. 

Evaluate the area of the surface under the curve . Y=1/(sin^2x+4cos^2x+2), x=0 and x=pi/4.

Before evaluating the definite integral, to determine the
area located under the curve, the given lines and x axis, we verify if the function is
an even function.

A function is even if f(-x) =
f(x)

We'll substitute x by
-x:

f(-x) =
1/{[sin(-x)]^2+4[cos(-x)]^2+2}

f(-x) =
1/{[sin(x)]^2+4[cos(x)]^2+2} = f(x)

Since the function is
even, we'll suggest the substitution tan x = t.

First,
we'll factorize the denominator by
[cos(x)]^2:

 1/[cos(x)]^2{[tan(x)]^2 +4 + 2/[cos(x)]^2}
=  1/[cos(x)]^2{[tan(x)]^2 +4 + 2*[1+(tanx)^2]}

Since tan x
= t, then  dx/(cos x)^2 = dt

We'll re-write the integral in
t:

(1/3)Int dt/(t^2 + 2) = (1/3*sqrt2)*arctan
(t/sqrt2)

Int f(x)dx = (1/3*sqrt2)*arctan [(tan
pi/4)/sqrt2] - (1/3*sqrt2)*arctan [(tan
0)/sqrt2]

Int f(x)dx = (sqrt2/6)*arctan
(sqrt2/2)

The area of the
surface is A = (sqrt2/6)*arctan (sqrt2/2) =  0.1849 square units approx.